America is often referred to as The Land of Opportunity, offering people of all backgrounds and levels of education a chance to succeed and build a fortune through hard work and innovation.
Throughout U.S. history, people have become titans of industry and gained recognition through their accomplishments and industry-disrupting ideas. These figures often rose to prominence by undercutting and outmaneuvering the competition to dominate their industry. Names like Rockefeller, Carnegie, and Astor are still prominently displayed on street addresses, performance centers, and municipal buildings because of the indelible impact those people have had on American history and the economy.
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24/7 Wall St. reviewed lists of the wealthiest people in American history, both those living and deceased, to determine the richest Americans of all time. We converted the estimated net worth of those who have passed away into current U.S. dollars.
Click here to see the richest Americans of all time.
Click here to see our detailed findings and methodology.
Source: Bain / Library of Congress / Wikimedia Commons
30. Cyrus H. K. Curtis (1850-1933)
> 2018 estimated net worth: $43.2 billion
> Source of wealth: Publishing
> Birthplace: Portland, Maine
Recognized as a member of the Advertising Hall of Fame, Cyrus H.K. Curtis is considered the “founder of the modern magazine.” Curtis launched magazines such as Ladies’ Home Journal and later bought other publications including The Evening Post and The Philadelphia Inquirer.
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Source: Public Domain / Wikimedia Commons
29. John Insley Blair (1802-1899)
> 2018 estimated net worth: $47.0 billion
> Source of wealth: Railroads
> Birthplace: Belvidere, New Jersey
Before the advent of cars and airplanes, railroads were the dominant way to move goods and people across the country. John Insley Blair was said to have been the largest owner of railroad property in the world at one point and he served as president of 16 railroad companies at the same time.
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Source: Walmart / Wikimedia Commons
28. Jim Walton (1948-present)
> 2018 estimated net worth: $48.8 billion
> Source of wealth: Walmart
> Birthplace: Newport, Arkansas
Jim Walton is the youngest son of Sam Walton, Walmart’s founder. Jim no longer sits on the company’s board, instead focusing on Arvest Bank, which is solely owned primarily by the Walton family.
Source: Courtesy of Koch Industries
27. Charles Koch (1935-present)
> 2018 estimated net worth: $50.9 billion
> Source of wealth: Koch Industries
> Birthplace: Wichita, Kansas
Charles Koch and his brother David own more than 80% of Koch Industries, the conglomerate started by their father, Fred. Koch Industries produces a diverse array of products, including chemicals and consumer goods.
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Source: New York Times / Wikimedia Commons
26. William Weightman (1813-1904)
> 2018 estimated net worth: $51.8 billion
> Source of wealth: Pharmaceuticals
> Birthplace: Waltham, England
William Weightman moved to the U.S. at the request of his uncle, a chemist. In the country, Weightman launched a company that developed a new synthetic treatment for malaria He parlayed his windfall into a vast portfolio of real estate holdings in Philadelphia.
Source: Andrew Burton / Getty Images
25. Michael Bloomberg (1942-present)
> 2018 estimated net worth: $52.7 billion
> Source of wealth: Bloomberg L.P.
> Birthplace: Boston, Massachusetts
Michael Bloomberg worked on Wall Street at the beginning of his career but eventually created his own information technology company to serve the financial industry. His company quickly became successful thanks to the Bloomberg Terminal, which in 1981 began offering traders a computerized way to collect, analyze, and share data. Bloomberg eventually served as a three-term mayor of New York City.
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Source: Mathew Brady / Library of Congress / Wikimedia Commons
24. James G. Fair (1831-1894)
> 2018 estimated net worth: $52.9 billion
> Source of wealth: Mining
> Birthplace: Clogher, Northern Ireland
James G. Fair moved from Northern Ireland to the U.S. as a boy, and traveled to California during the 1849 gold rush to seek his fortune. Fair proved himself adept at understanding the state’s geologic formations and over time secured a leadership position at the Hale and Norcross mining company. He later helped the mining company find the Big Bonanza, the discovery of which in 1873 represented the largest cache of gold and silver in U.S. history.
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Source: Pirie MacDonald / Library of Congress / Wikimedia Commons
23. Russell Sage (1816-1906)
> 2018 estimated net worth: $53.6 billion
> Source of wealth: Stock trading
> Birthplace: Verona, New York
Russell Sage was born into a poor family, but he used his financial skills to build a fortune. He initially owned a shop, then used the profits to try his hand at other ventures. He later moved to New York City, where he became a stock trader. Some of his innovative trading methods — including using puts and calls — are still employed on Wall Street to this day.
Source: Justin Sullivan / Getty Images
22. Sergey Brin (1973-present)
> 2018 estimated net worth: $54.3 billion
> Source of wealth: Google
> Birthplace: Moscow, Russia
Born in Moscow in 1973, Sergey Brin and his family immigrated to the States to escape the Soviet era discrimination against Jewish people.. He and Larry Page, a Stanford computer science student, created Google as a project. Their mission was to create an internet search engine that would rank the results according to what was most popular. Brin has been a billionaire since 2004, when Google went public.
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Source: Mathew Brady / National Archives and Records Administration
21. Moses Taylor (1806-1882)
> 2018 estimated net worth: $54.5 billion
> Source of wealth: Citibank
> Birthplace: N/A
Moses Taylor’s father was a close associate of John Jacob Astor, who had bought City Bank of New York, now Citibank, after the panic of 1837 and put the younger Taylor in charge. After Moses achieved success, the Taylor family donated some of his fortune to open Moses Taylor Hospital in Scranton, Pennsylvania. The hospital was founded to treat the families of workers for DL&W Railroad and Lackawanna Iron and Coal Company, for which Moses Taylor had served as a director.
Source: Ethan Miller / Getty Images
20. Larry Page (1973-present)
> 2018 estimated net worth: $55.7 billion
> Source of wealth: Google
> Birthplace: East Lansing, Michigan
Larry Page is the son of a computer scientist and a computer programming teacher. He and Sergey Brin invented the search engine Google while studying at Stanford University. Recently Page has been now personally funding a self-piloted flying taxi company, Kitty Hawk.
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Source: Kimberly White / Getty Images
19. Larry Ellison (1944-present)
> 2018 estimated net worth: $57.8 billion
> Source of wealth: Oracle
> Birthplace: New York City, New York
Larry Ellison founded Oracle software company in 1977. The company got its big break in 1981 when IBM opted to use Oracle’s database management system. Oracle is now the second largest software company in the world, ranked by revenue, according to Investopedia.
Source: Trinity Court Studio / Wikimedia Commons
18. Andrew Mellon (1855-1937)
> 2018 estimated net worth: $63.2 billion
> Source of wealth: Banking
> Birthplace: Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
The son of wealthy banker Thomas Mellon, Andrew Mellon eventually took over his bank. The younger Mellon proved he had a keen eye for recognizing emerging technologies. He helped found the Aluminum Company of America and the Gulf Oil Corporation. He later served as a U.S. secretary of the Treasury for more than a decade.
Source: Public Domain / Wikimedia Commons
17. Henry Ford (1863-1947)
> 2018 estimated net worth: $67.2 billion
> Source of wealth: Automobiles
> Birthplace: Dearborn, Michigan
Henry Ford became one of America’s most famous entrepreneurs due to the dominance of the Ford Motor Company. Ford was able to make cars efficiently and inexpensively after inventing the moving assembly line. By 1918, nearly half of all cars on American roads were Fords.
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Source: Public Domain / Wikimedia Commons
16. Marshall Field (1834-1906)
> 2018 estimated net worth: $75.0 billion
> Source of wealth: Department stores
> Birthplace: Conway, Massachusetts
A hardworking salesman, Marshall Field earned a fortune from his eponymous chain of department stores. He started a job at a Chicago mercantile house as a teen and worked his way up the store ranks to become a partner of the firm. He eventually bought out his partners and renamed his enterprise’s stores Marshall Field and Company.
Source: Justin Sullivan / Getty Images
15. Mark Zuckerberg (1984-present)
> 2018 estimated net worth: $77.7 billion
> Source of wealth: Facebook
> Birthplace: White Plains, New York
Mark Zuckerberg’s rise to prominence is well known. While at Harvard, he created the social media juggernaut Facebook. Despite the company’s recent problems with the security of its data, Facebook still sports a steep valuation, and Zuckerberg is the nation’s wealthiest person under 40.
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Source: Bain News Service / Wikimedia Commons
14. Jay Gould (1836-1892)
> 2018 estimated net worth: $78.3 billion
> Source of wealth: Railroads
> Birthplace: Roxbury, New York
Many 19th-century industrialists were notorious for their unscrupulous business practices and derisively called robber barons. Jay Gould may have been one of the most despised of this set because of his business practices. He reportedly issued fraudulent stock to buyers and bribed legislators to ensure that the sales went through. He rolled much of his profit into purchasing part of the Union Pacific Railroad.
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Source: Public Domain / Wikimedia Commons
13. Friedrich Weyerhaeuser (1834-1914)
> 2018 estimated net worth: $91.2 billion
> Source of wealth: Lumber
> Birthplace: Saulheim, Germany
Friedrich Weyerhaeuser left Germany at age 18 and began working at a sawmill in Illinois. After the economic downturn of 1857, Weyerhaeuser bought the mill and expanded his empire. He purchased logging operations around the Mississippi River. In 1900 he set a record for engaging in the largest private land transaction, when he bought 900,000 acres in Washington.
Source: Kent Sievers / Shutterstock.com
12. Warren Buffett (1930-present)
> 2018 estimated net worth: $92.1 billion
> Source of wealth: Berkshire Hathaway
> Birthplace: Omaha, Nebraska
Known as the “Oracle of Omaha,” Warren Buffett is a modern-day legend of investing and business diversification. He created his company, Buffett Partnership, in 1956 and quickly became a millionaire. He then purchased a textile company called Berkshire Hathaway but ended its textile division and purchased varied assets. Shares of Berkshire Hathaway are now among the most coveted stocks on the market. Buffett is also known for generous donations to charity; he has given away more than $32 billion.
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Source: Jamie McCarthy / Getty Images for Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
11. Bill Gates (1955-present)
> 2018 estimated net worth: $92.2 billion
> Source of wealth: Microsoft
> Birthplace: Seattle, Washington
After founding Microsoft, Bill Gates ranked as the wealthiest person in America for more than 20 years. He famously dropped out of Harvard to create Microsoft with partner, Paul Allen. The company transitioned from making computing machines to also offering software. Today Investopedia ranks it as the world’s largest software company by revenue.
Source: Thomas Le Clear / National Portrait Gallery
10. Alexander Turney Stewart (1803-1876)
> 2018 estimated net worth: $100.0 billion
> Source of wealth: Department stores
> Birthplace: Lisburn, Ireland
Alexander Turney Stewart slowly transformed his $3,000 inheritance into one of the largest retail empires in U.S. history. Born in Ireland, Stewart traveled to America to sell dry goods. He became one of the first retailers to offer standard prices instead of haggling with customers. Stewart’s company became so large, it won a contract to supply uniforms for Union soldiers during the Civil War.
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Source: walmart.com
9. Sam Walton (1918-1992)
> 2018 estimated net worth: $100.0 billion
> Source of wealth: Walmart
> Birthplace: Kingfisher, Oklahoma
Walmart is America’s largest brick-and-mortar retailer, and its success has largely been guided by the influence of its founder, Sam Walton. He expanded his first retail efforts from overseeing a single Ben Franklin franchised store in Arkansas into managing 15 outlets. After he butted heads with the chain’s management, he decided to open his own stores. The first Wal-Mart opened in 1962, and by 1976 the company was worth more than $176 million.
Source: Public Domain / Wikimedia Commons
8. Stephen Van Rensselaer (1764-1839)
> 2018 estimated net worth: $101.0 billion
> Source of wealth: Inheritance, real estate
> Birthplace: New York City, New York
Stephen Van Rensselaer was born into considerable wealth. His father died when he was just 5 and left him a large amount of land and holdings. Stephen Van Rensselaer decided to rent out much of this property and at one point reportedly had as many as 100,000 tenants.
Source: Library of Congress / Wikimedia Commons
7. Andrew Carnegie (1835-1919)
> 2018 estimated net worth: $101.0 billion
> Source of wealth: Carnegie Steel Company
> Birthplace: Dunfermline, Scotland
At a time when considerable portions of America’s new transportation infrastructure were being built, Andrew Carnegie’s company supplied the needed steel. Carnegie Steel Corporation used technologically advanced methods to make prodigious amounts of steel and it owned the requisite raw materials to make production cheaper. In 1901 Carnegie sold his company for $200 million and focused on philanthropy. He once wrote the “man who dies rich dies disgraced.”
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Source: Bank of New York Mellon
6. Richard Mellon (1858-1933)
> 2018 estimated net worth: $103.0 billion
> Source of wealth: Banking
> Birthplace: Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
In 1882 Richard Mellon and his brother Andrew took over a bank run by their father. The pair also made money from the steel and coal industries, as well as the new burgeoning railroad business. Andrew ended up entering politics, becoming Treasury secretary, while Richard remained in the private sector.
Source: David McNew / Getty Images
5. Jeff Bezos (1964-present)
> 2018 estimated net worth: $118.7 billion
> Source of wealth: Amazon
> Birthplace: Albuquerque, New Mexico
Amazon founder Jeff Bezos has seen his net worth skyrocket over the past year as his company continues to dominate the online shopping marketplace. Despite President Donald Trump’s continued attacks on Amazon, Bezos is still worth more than $100 billion.
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Source: JR Lambdin / Wikimedia Commons
4. Stephen Girard (1750-1831)
> 2018 estimated net worth: $120.0 billion
> Source of wealth: Shipping
> Birthplace: Bordeaux, France
Though he was born before the founding of the United States, Stephen Girard became one of its most important early business tycoons. He amassed a fleet of trading ships and invested much of his money in the First Bank of the United States. He eventually bought the bank’s assets and used them to lend millions of dollars to the young country. during the War of 1812, keeping its government afloat.
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Source: John Wesley Jarvis / National Portrait Gallery / Public Domain
3. John Jacob Astor (1763-1848)
> 2018 estimated net worth: $138.0 billion
> Source of wealth: Fur trading, real estate
> Birthplace: Waldorf, Germany
John Jacob Astor personifies the American success story. He moved to America from Germany with no money and started a fur trading business that flourished. After selling his trading enterprise, he invested in New York City real estate. At one point, his company owned hundreds of Manhattan properties.
Source: United States Library of Congress
2. Cornelius Vanderbilt (1794-1877)
> 2018 estimated net worth: $205.0 billion
> Source of wealth: Shipping
> Birthplace: Staten Island, New York
Cornelius Vanderbilt first made his fortune ferrying goods on the rivers surrounding New York City. He later helped establish the railroad industry as a means of transporting goods to the West in the mid-1800s.
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Source: Public Domain / Wikimedia Commons
1. John D. Rockefeller (1839-1937)
> 2018 estimated net worth: $253.0 billion
> Source of wealth: Standard Oil
> Birthplace: Richford, New York
Detailed Findings & Methodology:
John D. Rockefeller is one of the most successful businessmen of all time. He established a standard for the quality of oil and strived to run his company, Standard Oil, at peak efficiency. It’s possible that Rockefeller was the first billionaire in the U.S., but he certainly was the wealthiest American ever. His fortune has been estimated to be about one/sixty-fifth of the U.S. gross domestic product.
Reviewing the industries that these business magnates dominated to obtain their wealth can be an interesting way to map the trajectory of the U.S. economy over time.
Many of the richest Americans of all time, like John D. Rockefeller and Andrew Carnegie, made their fortunes at a time when the U.S. was expanding rapidly and building up its infrastructure. During the second half of the 19th century Rockefeller’s oil and Carnegie’s steel fed America’s voracious appetite to expand. But many Americans also resented the success of the top 1%, branding them as “robber barons” and claiming their fortunes were made on the backs of their employees.
Today a new class of mega-billionaire has made its money through the internet and related technologies. Jeff Bezos is worth more than $100 billion thanks to his e-commerce giant, Amazon. Mark Zuckerberg created Facebook — the most popular social media site in the U.S. — and became a self-made billionaire at age 23. He is youngest person to ever do so.
Many entrants on this list have lived the immigrant’s version of the American dream after leaving their home countries in search of opportunity. John Jacob Astor moved to the U.S. from Germany and opened a successful fur-trading company. He used those profits to create a vast New York City real estate empire.
Sergey Brin and his family were persecuted in the Soviet Union because of their Jewish ancestry. They fled the country and relocated to Maryland. Later Brin and Michigan-born Larry Page teamed up to create Google, now the internet’s largest search engine.
Most of the people on this list, however, were born in the U.S., and a large share of these were born in New York State. Storied tycoons like John D. Rockefeller and Cornelius Vanderbilt hail from the Empire State, as do newer billionaires like Mark Zuckerberg.
Many of the billionaires on list are used as case studies to support the validity of the American Dream. The stories of Sam Walton, Marshall Field, and John D. Rockefeller are often told and retold as proof that any person willing to work hard can acquire wealth. But skeptics will argue that the people on this list were either extraordinarily lucky — finding themselves at just the right place at the right time — or that had certain advantages that put them in a position to succeed. Jim Walton made this list largely because of his massive inheritance from his father, who founded Walmart. Stephen Van Rensselaer inherited just about all of the land he used to make his fortune, which today would be valued at more than $100 billion.
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