A country’s military might depends not only on its warships and firepower, but also available personnel. Nations need men and women to sail the ships and operate the tanks and all other armaments. And countries with a significant population of military-age citizens can draw on those numbers to field a competent and sizable military. For example, after Russia invaded Ukraine, both countries increased mobilization efforts. (Check out the countries with the 20 strongest militaries.)
To determine the countries with the most residents reaching military age, 24/7 Wall St. reviewed 2023 data from GlobalFirepower, an annually updated defense-related statistics website with information on 145 countries. We ranked countries by the number of residents coming of age annually in each country. We included active-duty, reserves, and paramilitary forces. From Stockholm International Peace Research Institute’s Military Expenditure Database, we included total military spending by country in 2021 and military spending as a percentage of gross domestic product. 2021 population figures came from the World Bank.
Each country sets the military eligibility age. Most countries allow men and women to join the armed forces starting at 18, a review by the CIA shows. Yet some nations permit younger people to enter the military. The United Kingdom’s military age ranges from 16 to 36. But anyone younger than 18 needs parental permission. In the U.S., men and women can join at 17 with a parent’s consent. Without parents’ permission, men and women can join at 18.
Not surprising considering India is the second most populated nation and growing (while China’s population is in decline), India has the most citizens reaching military age annually at nearly 24 million. It currently has a force of 1.45 million active-duty members, second out of the 145 countries studied. India’s military age starts at 16-and-a-half years.
Meanwhile, China’s annual cohort coming into military age is nearly 20 million. With 2 million active service members, China fields the largest military on the globe. Chinese citizens can join at age 18 under what is termed a selective compulsory service obligation. Each year the People’s Liberation Army establishes a quota the provinces must meet for sailors and soldiers. If a province fails to provide the required number of volunteers, then the local government can conscript citizens into the military.
The U.S. ranks No. 5, with 4.4 million reaching military age each year. Currently, the U.S. can muster a force of nearly 1.4 million active service members, third out of 145 nations. (Here U.S. military pay at every pay grade.)
Click here to see 11 countries where the most people reach military age each year.
Source: StockByM / iStock via Getty Images
21. Myanmar
> Residents reaching military age annually: 1,035,476
> Active service: 400,000 – #13 most out of 145
> Military reserves: N/A
> Paramilitary forces: 50,000 — #32 most out of 145
> Population (2021): 53,798,084 – #26 most out of 217
> Military spending (2021): $2.1 billion – #60 most out of 145
> Military spending as pct. of GDP: 3.3% – #17 out of 145
[in-text-ad]
Source: tawanlubfah / iStock via Getty Images
20. Thailand
> Residents reaching military age annually: 1,114,370
> Active service: 350,000 – #16 most out of 145
> Military reserves: 100,000 – #37 most out of 145
> Paramilitary forces: 6,000 — #84 most out of 145
> Population (2021): 71,601,103 – #20 most out of 217
> Military spending (2021): $6.6 billion – #33 most out of 145
> Military spending as pct. of GDP: 1.3% – #89 out of 145
Source: tawatchaiprakobkit / iStock via Getty Images
19. Japan
> Residents reaching military age annually: 1,117,933
> Active service: 240,000 – #19 most out of 145
> Military reserves: 55,000 – #45 most out of 145
> Paramilitary forces: 14,000 — #59 most out of 145
> Population (2021): 125,681,593 – #11 most out of 217
> Military spending (2021): $54.1 billion – #9 most out of 145
> Military spending as pct. of GDP: 1.1% – #106 out of 145
Source: Phototreat / iStock via Getty Images
18. Sudan
> Residents reaching military age annually: 1,246,930
> Active service: 100,000 – #44 most out of 145
> Military reserves: 50,000 – #49 most out of 145
> Paramilitary forces: 55,000 — #30 most out of 145
> Population (2021): 45,657,202 – #33 most out of 217
> Military spending (2021): $375.2 million – #98 most out of 145
> Military spending as pct. of GDP: 1.0% – #111 out of 145
[in-text-ad-2]
17. Russia
> Residents reaching military age annually: 1,278,198
> Active service: 830,900 – #5 most out of 145
> Military reserves: 250,000 – #18 most out of 145
> Paramilitary forces: 250,000 — #11 most out of 145
> Population (2021): 143,449,300 – #9 out of 217
> Military spending (2021): $65.9 billion – #5 most out of 145
> Military spending as pct. of GDP: 4.1% – #11 out of 145
Source: BornaMir / iStock via Getty Images
16. Iran
> Residents reaching military age annually: 1,388,133
> Active service: 575,000 – #7 most out of 145
> Military reserves: 350,000 – #15 most out of 145
> Paramilitary forces: 90,000 — #25 most out of 145
> Population (2021): 87,923,432 – #17 most out of 217
> Military spending (2021): $24.6 billion – #14 most out of 145
> Military spending as pct. of GDP: 2.3% – #36 out of 145
[in-text-ad]
Source: Gogosvm / iStock Unreleased via Getty Images
15. Turkey
> Residents reaching military age annually: 1,411,811
> Active service: 425,000 – #11 most out of 145
> Military reserves: 200,000 – #26 most out of 145
> Paramilitary forces: 150,000 — #17 most out of 145
> Population (2021): 84,775,400 – #18 out of 217
> Military spending (2021): $15.5 billion – #18 most out of 145
> Military spending as pct. of GDP: 2.1% – #45 out of 145
Source: Givaga / iStock via Getty Images
14. Egypt
> Residents reaching military age annually: 1,616,558
> Active service: 440,000 – #10 most out of 145
> Military reserves: 480,000 – #11 most out of 145
> Paramilitary forces: 300,000 — #9 most out of 145
> Population (2021): 109,262,178 – #14 most out of 217
> Military spending (2021): $5.2 billion – #43 most out of 145
> Military spending as pct. of GDP: 1.3% – #93 out of 145
Source: Chaiyaporn1144 / iStock via Getty Images
13. Vietnam
> Residents reaching military age annually: 1,764,741
> Active service: 470,000 – #9 most out of 145
> Military reserves: 2,500,000 – #1 most out of 145
> Paramilitary forces: 40,000 — #38 most out of 145
> Population (2021): 97,468,030 – #15 out of 217
> Military spending (2021): N/A
> Military spending as pct. of GDP: N/A
[in-text-ad-2]
Source: fazon1 / iStock via Getty Images
12. Philippines
> Residents reaching military age annually: 2,062,750
> Active service: 101,000 – #42 most out of 145
> Military reserves: 100,000 – #36 most out of 145
> Paramilitary forces: 50,000 — #34 most out of 145
> Population (2021): 113,880,328 – #13 most out of 217
> Military spending (2021): $4.1 billion – #48 most out of 145
> Military spending as pct. of GDP: 1.0% – #109 out of 145
Source: KIKILOMBO / iStock via Getty Images
11. Mexico
> Residents reaching military age annually: 2,195,567
> Active service: 250,000 – #17 most out of 145
> Military reserves: 65,000 – #41 most out of 145
> Paramilitary forces: 100,000 — #24 most out of 145
> Population (2021): 126,705,138 – #10 most out of 217
> Military spending (2021): $8.7 billion – #28 most out of 145
> Military spending as pct. of GDP: 0.7% – #126 out of 145
[in-text-ad]
Source: Photocech / Getty Images
10. Democratic Republic of the Congo
> Residents reaching military age annually: 2,384,970
> Active service: 140,000 – #34 most out of 145
> Military reserves: N/A
> Paramilitary forces: 10,000 — #68 most out of 145
> Population (2021): 95,894,120 – #16 out of 217
> Military spending (2021): N/A
> Military spending as pct. of GDP: N/A
Source: derejeb / iStock via Getty Images
9. Ethiopia
> Residents reaching military age annually: 2,614,102
> Active service: 150,000 – #33 most out of 145
> Military reserves: N/A
> Paramilitary forces: N/A
> Population (2021): 120,283,026 – #12 most out of 217
> Military spending (2021): $487.8 million – #88 most out of 145
> Military spending as pct. of GDP: 0.5% – #134 out of 145
Source: dennissylvesterhurd / Flickr
8. Bangladesh
> Residents reaching military age annually: 3,147,359
> Active service: 165,000 – #32 most out of 145
> Military reserves: N/A
> Paramilitary forces: 6,800,000 — #1 most out of 145
> Population (2021): 169,356,251 – #8 most out of 217
> Military spending (2021): $4.9 billion – #45 most out of 145
> Military spending as pct. of GDP: 1.3% – #96 out of 145
[in-text-ad-2]
Source: microgen / iStock via Getty Images
7. Brazil
> Residents reaching military age annually: 3,475,841
> Active service: 360,000 – #15 most out of 145
> Military reserves: 1,340,000 – #3 most out of 145
> Paramilitary forces: 400,000 — #7 most out of 145
> Population (2021): 214,326,223 – #6 most out of 217
> Military spending (2021): $19.2 billion – #17 most out of 145
> Military spending as pct. of GDP: 1.2% – #100 out of 145
Source: Jaxons / iStock via Getty Images
6. Nigeria
> Residents reaching military age annually: 4,051,477
> Active service: 135,000 – #36 most out of 145
> Military reserves: N/A
> Paramilitary forces: 80,000 — #26 most out of 145
> Population (2021): 213,401,323 – #7 most out of 217
> Military spending (2021): $4.5 billion – #47 most out of 145
> Military spending as pct. of GDP: 1.0% – #114 out of 145
[in-text-ad]
Source: DenisTangneyJr / E+ via Getty Images
5. United States
> Residents reaching military age annually: 4,385,445
> Active service: 1,390,000 – #3 most out of 145
> Military reserves: 442,000 – #13 most out of 145
> Paramilitary forces: N/A
> Population (2021): 331,893,745 – #3 most out of 217
> Military spending (2021): $800.7 billion – #1 most out of 145
> Military spending as pct. of GDP: 3.5% – #15 out of 145
24/7 Wall St.
Source: HomoCosmicos / iStock via Getty Images
4. Pakistan
> Residents reaching military age annually: 4,615,553
> Active service: 654,000 – #6 most out of 145
> Military reserves: 550,000 – #8 most out of 145
> Paramilitary forces: 500,000 — #6 most out of 145
> Population (2021): 231,402,117 – #5 most out of 217
> Military spending (2021): $11.3 billion – #23 most out of 145
> Military spending as pct. of GDP: 3.8% – #13 out of 145
Source: nala_rinaldo / RooM via Getty Images
3. Indonesia
> Residents reaching military age annually: 4,714,596
> Active service: 400,000 – #12 most out of 145
> Military reserves: 400,000 – #14 most out of 145
> Paramilitary forces: 280,000 — #10 most out of 145
> Population (2021): 273,753,191 – #4 most out of 217
> Military spending (2021): $8.3 billion – #29 most out of 145
> Military spending as pct. of GDP: 0.7% – #125 out of 145
[in-text-ad-2]
Source: XIUYUAN YAO / iStock via Getty Images
2. China
> Residents reaching military age annually: 19,747,557
> Active service: 2,000,000 – #1 most out of 145
> Military reserves: 510,000 – #9 most out of 145
> Paramilitary forces: 625,000 — #5 most out of 145
> Population (2021): 1,412,360,000 – #1 most out of 217
> Military spending (2021): $293.4 billion – #2 most out of 145
> Military spending as pct. of GDP: 1.7% – #63 out of 145
Source: Instants / iStock via Getty Images
1. India
> Residents reaching military age annually: 23,623,837
> Active service: 1,450,000 – #2 most out of 145
> Military reserves: 1,155,000 – #4 most out of 145
> Paramilitary forces: 2,527,000 — #2 most out of 145
> Population (2021): 1,407,563,842 – #2 most out of 217
> Military spending (2021): $76.6 billion – #3 most out of 145
> Military spending as pct. of GDP: 2.7% – #30 out of 145
Sponsored: Find a Qualified Financial Advisor
Finding a qualified financial advisor doesn’t have to be hard. SmartAsset’s free tool matches you with up to 3 fiduciary financial advisors in your area in 5 minutes. Each advisor has been vetted by SmartAsset and is held to a fiduciary standard to act in your best interests. If you’re ready to be matched with local advisors that can help you achieve your financial goals, get started now.
Thank you for reading! Have some feedback for us?
Contact the 24/7 Wall St. editorial team.