On June 3 of this year, NOAA scientists announced a weather station at Hawaii’s Mauna Loa Atmospheric Baseline Observatory had recorded carbon dioxide levels at 421 parts per million (ppm) in May.
The last time the earth experienced similar levels of this greenhouse gas was during the Pliocene Epoch millions of years ago, a period when global temperatures increased and sea levels may have reached as high as 20 meters (65 feet) above present-day levels.
Both CO2 and sea level subsequently fell precipitously, and over the past 6,000 years, levels remained around 280 parts per million. No longer. The global average grew from 350.9 ppm to 418.39 ppm between 1988 and 2022, an alarming 19% increase. Today the amount of CO2 in the earth’s atmosphere is more than 50% higher than it was prior to the Industrial Revolution. (These are the cities emitting the most carbon dioxide in the world.) Â
Carbon dioxide is only one of the greenhouse gasses, of course. Methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N20) have risen 12% and 9%, respectively, since 1988.
Human sources of carbon dioxide emissions are primarily the burning of fossil fuels, which accounts for 87% of CO2 emissions, land-use changes (primarily deforestation), and industrial processes like cement manufacturing. (These are the companies pumping the most greenhouse gas into the atmosphere.)
Emissions of methane, which has 80 times the warming effect of CO2 in its first 20 years in the atmosphere, is linked to agricultural emissions from ruminant livestock and leaks from oil and gas operations. So called feedback loops linked to global warming, namely melting permafrost and seepage from warming sea floors, is accelerating the growth of natural methane emissions.
The primary source of anthropogenic nitrous oxide, commonly used in dentist’s offices and injected into modified race car engines to boost speed, is agricultural activity, specifically microbes in fertilized soil and the deterioration of animal manure.
The idea of a potential link between carbon dioxide levels and changing temperatures on earth – the so-called greenhouse effect – was first proposed by a Swedish scientist in 1896, and some date this as the beginnings of our concern with climate change. It was in 1988, however, that climate change became a national issue when Dr. James Hansen, director of NASA’s Institute for Space Studies, testified before the U.S. Senate Energy and Natural Resources Committee that “[T]he greenhouse effect has been detected, and it is changing our climate now.”
To identify the world’s CO2 concentration every year since climate change became a national issue, 24/7 Wall St. reviewed annual concentrations of gasses known as main drivers of climate change – carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide – from the Global Monitoring Laboratory, a research organization of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) which measures the atmospheric distribution and trends of various greenhouse gasses.
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1988
> Carbon dioxide (CO2): 350.93 ppm
> Methane (CH4): 1,698.83 ppm
> Nitrous oxide (N2O): 306.49 ppm
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1989
> Carbon dioxide (CO2): 352.57 ppm
> Methane (CH4): 1,710.52 ppm
> Nitrous oxide (N2O): 307.48 ppm
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1990
> Carbon dioxide (CO2): 353.72 ppm
> Methane (CH4): 1,709.33 ppm
> Nitrous oxide (N2O): 308.78 ppm
Source: Ralf Menache / iStock via Getty Images
1991
> Carbon dioxide (CO2): 355.15 ppm
> Methane (CH4): 1,729.07 ppm
> Nitrous oxide (N2O): 309.57 ppm
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1992
> Carbon dioxide (CO2): 355.90 ppm
> Methane (CH4): 1,731.05 ppm
> Nitrous oxide (N2O): 310.00 ppm
Source: ti1993 / iStock via Getty Images
1993
> Carbon dioxide (CO2): 356.63 ppm
> Methane (CH4): 1,735.65 ppm
> Nitrous oxide (N2O): 310.25 ppm
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1994
> Carbon dioxide (CO2): 358.20 ppm
> Methane (CH4): 1,741.66 ppm
> Nitrous oxide (N2O): 310.98 ppm
Source: Stefano Barzellotti / iStock via Getty Images
1995
> Carbon dioxide (CO2): 360.23 ppm
> Methane (CH4): 1,747.10 ppm
> Nitrous oxide (N2O): 311.78 ppm
Source: Stefano Barzellotti / iStock Editorial via Getty Images
1996
> Carbon dioxide (CO2): 362.01 ppm
> Methane (CH4): 1,749.86 ppm
> Nitrous oxide (N2O): 312.81 ppm
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Source: Photos.com / PHOTOS.com>> via Getty Images
1997
> Carbon dioxide (CO2): 363.17 ppm
> Methane (CH4): 1,753.94 ppm
> Nitrous oxide (N2O): 313.53 ppm
Source: bagi1998 / iStock via Getty Images
1998
> Carbon dioxide (CO2): 365.69 ppm
> Methane (CH4): 1,762.43 ppm
> Nitrous oxide (N2O): 314.20 ppm
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Source: jpa1999 / iStock via Getty Images
1999
> Carbon dioxide (CO2): 367.81 ppm
> Methane (CH4): 1,772.33 ppm
> Nitrous oxide (N2O): 315.15 ppm
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Source: Joe Raedle / Newsmakers / Getty Images
2000
> Carbon dioxide (CO2): 368.92 ppm
> Methane (CH4): 1,774.07 ppm
> Nitrous oxide (N2O): 316.14 ppm
Source: Jupiterimages / Stockbyte via Getty Images
2001
> Carbon dioxide (CO2): 370.38 ppm
> Methane (CH4): 1,772.95 ppm
> Nitrous oxide (N2O): 316.89 ppm
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2002
> Carbon dioxide (CO2): 372.49 ppm
> Methane (CH4): 1,773.14 ppm
> Nitrous oxide (N2O): 317.47 ppm
Source: David McNew / Getty Images News via Getty Images
2003
> Carbon dioxide (CO2): 375.08 ppm
> Methane (CH4): 1,777.41 ppm
> Nitrous oxide (N2O): 318.21 ppm
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2004
> Carbon dioxide (CO2): 376.61 ppm
> Methane (CH4): 1,775.44 ppm
> Nitrous oxide (N2O): 318.93 ppm
Source: EdStock / iStock via Getty Images
2005
> Carbon dioxide (CO2): 378.97 ppm
> Methane (CH4): 1,774.55 ppm
> Nitrous oxide (N2O): 319.60 ppm
2006
> Carbon dioxide (CO2): 381.17 ppm
> Methane (CH4): 1,776.40 ppm
> Nitrous oxide (N2O): 320.37 ppm
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Source: costbenefit / Flickr
2007
> Carbon dioxide (CO2): 382.89 ppm
> Methane (CH4): 1,781.75 ppm
> Nitrous oxide (N2O): 321.14 ppm
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2008
> Carbon dioxide (CO2): 384.98 ppm
> Methane (CH4): 1,789.94 ppm
> Nitrous oxide (N2O): 322.11 ppm
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2009
> Carbon dioxide (CO2): 386.42 ppm
> Methane (CH4): 1,793.63 ppm
> Nitrous oxide (N2O): 322.88 ppm
Source: olegkozyrev / iStock Editorial via Getty Images
2010
> Carbon dioxide (CO2): 388.71 ppm
> Methane (CH4): 1,796.84 ppm
> Nitrous oxide (N2O): 323.70 ppm
Source: jankovoy / iStock via Getty Images
2011
> Carbon dioxide (CO2): 390.57 ppm
> Methane (CH4): 1,803.42 ppm
> Nitrous oxide (N2O): 324.61 ppm
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2012
> Carbon dioxide (CO2): 392.64 ppm
> Methane (CH4): 1,810.33 ppm
> Nitrous oxide (N2O): 325.58 ppm
Source: Leonid Andronov / iStock via Getty Images
2013
> Carbon dioxide (CO2): 395.49 ppm
> Methane (CH4): 1,815.44 ppm
> Nitrous oxide (N2O): 326.53 ppm
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2014
> Carbon dioxide (CO2): 397.45 ppm
> Methane (CH4): 1,824.40 ppm
> Nitrous oxide (N2O): 327.61 ppm
Source: Denis Doyle / Getty Images News via Getty Images
2015
> Carbon dioxide (CO2): 399.58 ppm
> Methane (CH4): 1,834.63 ppm
> Nitrous oxide (N2O): 328.51 ppm
Source: Allison Joyce / Getty Images News via Getty Images
2016
> Carbon dioxide (CO2): 402.87 ppm
> Methane (CH4): 1,842.40 ppm
> Nitrous oxide (N2O): 329.33 ppm
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2017
> Carbon dioxide (CO2): 405.19 ppm
> Methane (CH4): 1,849.95 ppm
> Nitrous oxide (N2O): 330.31 ppm
Source: Dreamframer / Getty Images
2018
> Carbon dioxide (CO2): 407.58 ppm
> Methane (CH4): 1,857.31 ppm
> Nitrous oxide (N2O): 330.90 ppm
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Source: Spiderplay / iStock via Getty Images
2019
> Carbon dioxide (CO2): 411.66 ppm
> Methane (CH4): 1,866.59 ppm
> Nitrous oxide (N2O): 331.88 ppm
Source: Leon Neal / Getty Images News via Getty Images
2020
> Carbon dioxide (CO2): 414.24 ppm
> Methane (CH4): 1,878.95 ppm
> Nitrous oxide (N2O): 333.03 ppm
2021
> Carbon dioxide (CO2): 416.45 ppm
> Methane (CH4): 1,895.50 ppm
> Nitrous oxide (N2O): 334.31 ppm
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Source: acilo / iStock via Getty Images
2022
> Carbon dioxide (CO2): 418.39 ppm as of June
> Methane (CH4): 1,909.20 ppm as of March
> Nitrous oxide (N2O): 335.40 ppm as of March
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