A Widow Can Lose One Social Security Check Overnight. Here’s What Happens Next
When one spouse in a retired couple dies, Social Security does not simply keep sending two checks to one mailbox, and the financial rules that kick in next surprise most surviving spouses at the worst possible moment.
Losing a spouse changes almost everything at once. Unfortunately, the household budget can change just as quickly.
For a retired couple living on two Social Security checks, one of the biggest surprises may come when one of those payments disappears. Social Security does provide survivor benefits, but that does not mean a widow or widower simply keeps receiving both monthly checks.
In many cases, the surviving spouse can move up to the larger of the two Social Security benefits. The smaller benefit effectively disappears. Depending on how much each spouse was receiving, that can mean an immediate drop of hundreds or even thousands of dollars in monthly household income.
The Household Does Not Keep Both Social Security Checks
This is probably the most important rule to understand. If both spouses were collecting Social Security and one dies, the surviving spouse does not normally continue receiving both full benefits.
Instead, Social Security generally pays the survivor the higher benefit for which he or she qualifies. If the surviving spouse already receives a smaller retirement benefit based on his or her own work record, Social Security can pay that benefit plus enough survivor benefits to bring the total up to the larger eligible amount.
That distinction matters because couples frequently build retirement budgets around two separate deposits hitting the bank every month. After one spouse dies, those two payments can effectively become one.
A Couple Getting $5,000 a Month Could Fall to $3,200
Consider a simplified example. A husband receives $3,200 per month from Social Security and his wife receives $1,800 on her own record. Together, they have $5,000 per month coming into the household.
If the husband dies and the wife is eligible for his full survivor amount, she does not continue collecting $1,800 plus another $3,200. Her total Social Security income could instead rise to approximately $3,200.
The household just went from $5,000 a month to $3,200, a loss of $1,800 every month. The exact survivor amount can differ depending on when each spouse claimed benefits, the survivor’s age, and other Social Security rules, but the basic problem is the same: one household benefit disappears while many household bills do not.
The Deceased Spouse Is Not Owed a Check for the Month of Death
There is another rule that catches families off guard. Social Security retirement benefits are paid one month behind, and no retirement benefit is payable for the month in which the beneficiary dies.
That is true even if the person dies on the final day of the month.
For example, if someone dies in October and a Social Security payment arrives in November representing October’s benefit, that payment is not due and must be returned. Families should not assume that money belongs to the surviving spouse simply because it reached the bank account.
Survivor Benefits Can Start as Early as Age 60
Most surviving spouses can become eligible for Social Security survivor benefits beginning at age 60. A surviving spouse with a qualifying disability may be eligible beginning at age 50.
There are also circumstances in which a surviving spouse can qualify regardless of age, particularly when caring for the deceased worker’s eligible child.
For most widows and widowers, however, claiming at 60 comes with an important trade-off. Starting survivor benefits early means accepting a reduced monthly payment.
Claiming at 60 Can Mean Receiving Only 71.5% of the Benefit
Social Security says a surviving spouse who begins survivor benefits at the earliest standard age can receive as little as 71.5% of the deceased spouse’s benefit amount.
The percentage rises as the survivor waits. Someone claiming at 61 may receive more than 75%, while someone claiming around 65 may receive more than 90%, depending on the person’s survivor full retirement age.
A surviving spouse can generally receive up to 100% of the eligible survivor benefit upon reaching full retirement age for survivor benefits, which falls between ages 66 and 67 depending on date of birth.
Unlike a worker’s own retirement benefit, there is generally no advantage to waiting beyond survivor full retirement age solely to increase the survivor benefit.
Your Own Social Security Benefit Can Create Another Option
Survivor benefits have one planning advantage that ordinary spousal benefits generally do not: a widow or widower may be able to claim one type of benefit first and switch to another later.
Suppose a widow is eligible for a survivor benefit now, but her own retirement benefit could eventually become larger. She may be able to collect survivor benefits while allowing her own retirement benefit to continue growing, then switch to her own benefit later.
For someone delaying a personal retirement benefit beyond full retirement age, delayed retirement credits can continue increasing that benefit until age 70.
The reverse can sometimes make sense as well. A survivor could begin his or her own retirement benefit and switch to a larger survivor benefit later. The best order depends on the actual benefit amounts and ages involved, which is one reason this is worth discussing directly with Social Security before filing.
What the Deceased Spouse Did at Retirement Matters Too
A surviving spouse’s benefit can also be affected by when the deceased spouse originally claimed Social Security.
If the deceased worker delayed retirement benefits beyond full retirement age, the delayed retirement credits earned by that worker can increase the survivor benefit. In other words, waiting to claim Social Security can provide a larger benefit not only for the worker while alive, but potentially for a surviving spouse later.
Early claiming can work in the opposite direction. If the deceased spouse took reduced retirement benefits before full retirement age, that decision can limit the survivor benefit as well. Social Security has special rules that prevent some of the harshest reductions, but a widow should not automatically assume she will receive the deceased spouse’s unreduced full-retirement-age amount.
Some Widows Are Converted to Survivor Benefits Automatically
A surviving spouse who was already receiving Social Security spousal benefits on the deceased person’s record generally does not need to file a completely new application for monthly survivor benefits. Social Security says those payments are typically converted to survivor benefits after the agency receives notice of the death.
That does not mean every surviving spouse should assume everything has been handled automatically. Someone receiving retirement or disability benefits on his or her own record may be eligible for a higher survivor benefit and should contact Social Security to review the available options.
Survivor benefits cannot currently be applied for online. Social Security directs applicants to call the agency or contact a local Social Security office.
There Is Still a $255 Death Payment
Social Security also offers a one-time lump-sum death payment to certain surviving spouses or children.
The amount is $255.
Yes, $255. The number has been around long enough that it can look almost unbelievable next to modern funeral costs, but that remains the current federal lump-sum death payment.
A qualifying surviving spouse may receive it if the eligibility requirements are met. If there is no eligible spouse, certain children may qualify instead. The survivor generally has two years after the worker’s death to apply.
Remarrying After 60 Usually Does Not Wipe Out Survivor Benefits
Social Security’s remarriage rule has an important age line.
If a widow or widower remarries before age 60, eligibility for survivor benefits on the previous deceased spouse’s record generally ends while that marriage remains in effect, although there are exceptions for certain disabled survivors.
Remarrying at age 60 or later generally does not prevent someone from receiving survivor benefits based on a deceased spouse’s record.
That can leave an older remarried person potentially eligible for benefits on more than one record. Social Security can help determine which available benefit produces the largest payment.
A Divorced Spouse May Qualify Too
Survivor benefits are not limited to people who were still married when their former spouse died.
A surviving divorced spouse can potentially qualify if the marriage lasted at least 10 years and the other eligibility requirements are met. In general, survivor benefits can begin at age 60, or age 50 for a qualifying disabled surviving divorced spouse.
A former spouse’s remarriage does not automatically erase the surviving divorced spouse’s potential benefit. Likewise, remarriage by the surviving divorced spouse after age 60 generally does not eliminate eligibility based on the previous spouse’s record.
A Widow Under Full Retirement Age May Face an Earnings Limit
Receiving survivor benefits does not necessarily mean someone has to stop working.
However, survivors who are younger than their applicable full retirement age can be subject to Social Security’s annual earnings test. If earnings rise above the applicable limit, some benefits may be temporarily withheld.
Those rules can make the timing of a survivor claim especially important for someone who loses a spouse while still working full time.
The Financial Hit Can Be Bigger Than the Lost Check Suggests
Losing one Social Security payment would be easier to absorb if half the household expenses disappeared at the same time. Usually, they do not.
The mortgage or property-tax bill does not get cut in half. Neither do homeowners insurance, utilities, internet service, repairs, or many other fixed expenses. Even groceries and transportation costs rarely drop in proportion to the lost income.
That is why a couple receiving $5,000 per month from Social Security should not necessarily build a surviving spouse’s retirement plan around the assumption that the same $5,000 will continue after one person’s death.
The First Call Should Be to Social Security
Funeral homes generally report deaths to the Social Security Administration, so families often do not have to handle that notification themselves. If the death is not reported by the funeral home, however, a family member should contact Social Security.
The surviving spouse should also contact the agency to determine which monthly survivor benefits are available, whether an existing benefit will be converted automatically, and whether applying now or later makes the most sense.
It is also the time to ask about the $255 lump-sum death payment. Social Security currently does not allow applications for monthly survivor benefits online.
The biggest mistake may be assuming that nothing needs to be done because both spouses were already collecting benefits. Social Security has rules for what happens after a death, but those rules can substantially change the amount of money reaching the surviving spouse every month.
The Bottom Line
Social Security survivor benefits provide important protection, but they are not designed to preserve a retired couple’s entire combined monthly income after one spouse dies.
For many couples, the practical rule is straightforward: two Social Security checks become one larger check. Depending on the gap between the spouses’ benefits, that can translate into a significant reduction in household income almost immediately.
Knowing that before a crisis happens gives couples time to build the surviving spouse’s budget around the income that would actually remain, rather than the income they are receiving today.
Sources
- Social Security Administration, What You Could Get From Survivor Benefits
- Social Security Administration, Who Can Get Survivor Benefits
- Social Security Administration, What to Do When Someone Dies
- Social Security Administration, What You Should Know About Social Security if Your Spouse Passes Away
- Social Security Administration, Social Security Survivors Benefits: Protection for Your Family
- Social Security Administration, Full Retirement Age for Survivor Benefits
- Social Security Administration, Lump-Sum Death Payment
- Social Security Administration, Social Security Survivors Benefits Toolkit
- Social Security Administration, Filing Rules for Retirement and Spouses Benefits
- Social Security Administration, Social Security Handbook, Section 406: Effect of Remarriage on Widow or Widower Benefits
- Social Security Administration, Social Security Handbook, Section 407: Amount of Widow or Widower Insurance Benefit
- Social Security Administration, Old-Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance Program Reference
- Social Security Administration, Code of Federal Regulations Section 404.313, Delayed Retirement Credits
Contact [email protected] for any questions or corrections.
