After protracted and very public negotiations, it appears that Elon Musk’s $44 billion bid to buy Twitter through his holding company has fallen through. Musk claimed the deal collapsed because Twitter failed to disclose the share of users that are bots. Twitter responded in a letter saying it intends on closing the deal as agreed upon and that it plans “to pursue legal action to enforce the merger agreement.” (Musk is among the 30 richest Americans of all time.)
Though this may be one of the messiest and most public collapses of a planned acquisition of a multi-billion dollar business, it is far from the first. In the last decade alone, obstacles like regulation, financial due diligence, and other market forces have scrapped several mega-deals just before they closed.
To determine some of the biggest failed mergers and acquisitions in history, 24/7 Wall St. reviewed sources like PitchBook and TMF Group to compile a list of recent planned, offered, or announced mergers worth over $1 billion featuring at least one U.S. company that fell through.
This list is far from comprehensive, as many potential mergers and acquisitions fall apart in the preliminary stages before receiving any media attention. Meanwhile, some of the deals that do close end up being a mistake in retrospect. Harvard Business Review estimates that 70%-90% of all M&A deals do not succeed, either not living up to the transaction price or failing to properly integrate the new business. These are the largest mergers of the last 20 years.
Sometimes these deals fall through due to increased regulations from governments – whether it is to prevent a monopoly, stop a company from skirting taxes, or because of national security issues. Other times, the deal is shot down by shareholders who disagree with the direction that such a merger would take the company.
Click here to see the biggest failed mergers and acquisitions of the last decade.
Source: Andy Feng / iStock Editorial via Getty Images
11. Ant Financial and MoneyGram
> Value: $1.2 billion
> Year: 2018
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Source: Public Domain / Wikimedia Commons
10. KLA-Tencor and Lam Research
> Value: $10 billion
> Year: 2016
Source: Public Domain / Wikimedia Commons
9. Five9 and Zoom
> Value: $14.7 billion
> Year: 2021
Source: tupungato / iStock Editorial via Getty Images
8. Iliad and T-Mobile US
> Value: $15 billion
> Year: 2014
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Source: jetcityimage / iStock Editorial via Getty Images
7. Mondelez International and Hershey
> Value: $23 billion
> Year: 2016
Source: Antonio Bordunovi / iStock Editorial via Getty Images
6. Nvidia and Arm
> Value: $40 billion
> Year: 2022
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Source: FinkAvenue / iStock Editorial via Getty Images
5. NXP Semiconductors and Qualcomm
> Value: $44 billion
> Year: 2016
Source: Sundry Photography / iStock Editorial via Getty Images
4. Honeywell and United Technologies
> Value: $90 billion
> Year: 2016
Source: wellesenterprises / iStock Editorial via Getty Images
3. Qualcomm and Broadcom
> Value: $117 billion
> Year: 2018
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Source: JHVEPhoto / iStock Editorial via Getty Images
2. Kraft Heinz and Unilever
> Value: $143 billion
> Year: 2017
Source: tupungato / iStock Editorial via Getty Images
1. Pfizer and Allergan
> Value: $160 billion
> Year: 2016
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