Most Polluted Rivers Across the Globe

The Buriganga River flows through Bangladesh’s capital city of Dhaka and serves as the main water supply for millions of people. It is one of the world’s most polluted rivers due to industrial effluent, untreated sewage, and household waste. About 5.7 million gallons of liquid containing toxic chemicals and heavy metals from the tanning industry alone enter the water every day, according to Human Rights Watch. Textile dying, printing, and pharmaceutical industries also release waste straight into the river.

The Citarum River, which flows near Jakarta, contains extensive pollution from industrial wastewater, household sewage, solid waste, and farm runoff. According to the Pulitzer Center, over 2,000 industrial facilities, including 200 textile factories, are situated along the river valley. Toxic waste from these industries have led to incredibly high mercury levels. Many who used to fish on the river have turned to harvesting plastic trash from the river’s surface to recycle, as the fish population has plummeted.

Running through 10 countries from Germany to Ukraine, the Danube is Europe’s second-longest river. It carries agricultural runoff and pesticides as well as chemical waste, most notably industrial residues from the NATO bombing of Serbian factories in 1999. The Danube also has the highest concentration of antibiotics of any river on the continent.

Once a main water source for the area’s steelmaking industry, the Doce River in southeastern Brazil suffered an environmental catastrophe in 2015 when an iron mine tailings dam failed, dumping 50 million tons of iron ore sludge into the river. The toxic mud contaminated a 400-mile stretch of the waterway, polluting croplands, spoiling drinking water, and devastating fish and wildlife populations.

The Ganges is a river most sacred to Hindus and one that millions of people rely on as a main water source. It absorbs over 1 billion gallons of waste each day, with 75% being raw sewage and household waste and the rest being toxic industrial runoff. Coliform counts in the river due to human fecal matter are over 100 times the legal limit in certain areas, and floating debris makes certain stretches of the river unrecognizable.

An important water source in Pakistan and parts of India, specifically for crop irrigation, high amounts of pollutants from agricultural runoff, factories, and untreated sewage flow into the Indus. But the most striking pollutant is the plastic. The Indus River dumps over 180,000 tons of plastic waste into the ocean annually — the second highest amount after the Yangtze River in China, according to a 2017 report published in Environmental Science and Technology.

Spanning over 150 miles, the Jordan River in Israel is a holy river to Christian pilgrims, who visit and bathe in the waters where Jesus is believed to have been baptized. Unfortunately, the lower Jordan is heavily polluted from unchecked waste disposal, including raw sewage, agricultural runoff, groundwater seepage, and saline water contamination.

The La Plata River is a muddy estuary of two large rivers that form the border between Argentina and Uruguay, spanning the area between both countries’ capital cities. There are over 4,000 industries, including petrochemical manufacturers and tanneries, along the middle and lower reaches of the waterway, many of which dump untreated waste into the La Plata, according to Le Monde.

The Marilao River flows through a metropolitan area north of Manila and provides drinking and irrigation water to millions of Filipinos. The river is considered biologically dead and is heavily polluted due to industrial waste, particularly from electronics and textile manufacturing. It also contains a layer of solid waste, including plastic trash and dead animals, that leaves the water barely visible in some areas.

Often cited as the most polluted river in South America, the Matanza-Riachuelo River is infiltrated with industrial effluent, untreated sewage, and slaughterhouse waste. This pollution introduces high levels of toxic chemicals, heavy metals, and organic pollutants into the river, threatening the health of the populations who live along its banks.

Running from Minnesota to the Gulf of Mexico, the Mississippi is polluted largely due to agricultural runoff of nitrogen-based fertilizers and herbicides as well as industrial discharge and urban sewage. The excess nutrients in the fertilizers cause ecosystem imbalances that harm marine life in the Gulf, where the river’s waters have caused a large dead zone.

This river in southeastern Australia has had numerous water quality issues in the past decades, including extensive blue-green algae blooms, hypoxic blackwater events, and mass fish deaths. Agricultural runoff is a major culprit, as are saline and sediment pollution, which increase as a result of human activities such as land clearing that cause erosion and rising groundwater levels.

Over 280 million people in 11 countries rely on the Nile River, according to the Wilson Center. Like many of the most polluted rivers, the Nile is inundated with untreated wastewater, industrial effluent, and agricultural runoff. Over 165 million tons of industrial waste is dumped into the river annually. The sediment on the river bottom is known to contain high levels of heavy metals, including cadmium and lead.

Located in the Philippine capital of Manila, the Pasig River is heavily polluted due to industrial runoff and solid waste. It has become a dumping ground for raw sewage and household garbage as the population in the surrounding area has skyrocketed and municipal facilities failed to keep up with disposal. The river is so polluted that it has been declared biologically dead.

The lower Passaic in New Jersey, a 17-mile stretch that dumps into Newark Bay, carries a century’s worth of industrial pollution from manufacturing. PCBs, mercury, and dioxin pollute the river’s sediments, and sewage spillover from flooding has heightened the levels of disease-causing organisms.

This river between Texas and Mexico provides water to many desert communities. Unfortunately, the water is contaminated not only with industrial waste but also raw sewage. Millions of gallons of untreated wastewater enter the Rio Grande daily, and E. Coli levels are thousands and sometimes millions of times higher than federal standards would allow for recreational activities such as swimming and fishing.

The Salween River, which flows through Southeast Asia, is home to the most diverse population of turtles in the world. About 6 million people rely on the waterway for their food and livelihood. Unfortunately, the water is heavily polluted due to effluent from textile factories. Industrial waste has led to high levels of sulfur, cadmium, copper, lead, mercury, and zinc in the river.

The headwaters of this river are clean, but as it runs south of Naples, it is subject to the unchecked dumping of industrial and agricultural waste. Frequent flooding carries this pollution into the nearby countryside, and the accumulation of trash and toxins make swimming in the sea at the mouth of the river impossible.

Flowing through northwestern Mexico and ending just over the U.S. border in Southern California, the Tijuana River carries untreated sewage from inadequate infrastructure in Tijuana and toxic waste into the Pacific Ocean, threatening swimmers and wildlife. Tires and plastic also foul the river waters and end up in the ocean, causing frequent beach closures and impacting fisheries.

The Yamuna River, which flows through India’s capital, is severely polluted due to various factors. Over 80% of the wastewater from Delhi households, including laundry water, is released largely untreated, according to the United Nations. This leaves mounds of toxic foam floating on the river. Industrial waste, pesticides, and untreated sewage also enter the river through Delhi’s drainage system.

According to a 2017 study published in Environmental Science and Technology, the longest river in Asia is also the world’s top source of plastic waste in the oceans, contributing about 55% of all ocean plastics. The river also contributes to a dead zone in the East China Sea. In addition to solid waste pollution, the river carries wastewater from hundreds of chemical plants, agricultural runoff, sewage from ships, and effluent from oil refineries and steel mills.

China’s second-longest river is extensively polluted due to waste from industries including coal mining as well as agricultural runoff and sewage. The Yellow River provides water to many population centers, but much of the water is unsafe for drinking or agricultural uses and is known to contribute to cancer, waterborne diseases, and birth defects.