As interest in beekeeping has grown in the US over the last few decades, honey bee colonies have continued to experience high mortality rates. In the winter of 2020-21, American beekeepers saw the second worst honey bee colony loss of the last 15 years, with a state average of 32.2% winter hive mortality and a high of 58.5% mortality.Â
These numbers represent a 9.6% increase from the previous winter, and at least a 12% from historical estimates in the U.S. that placed winter hive mortality at under 20%. Here are the biggest threats to U.S. bee populations.
Honey bee populations, both wild and managed, are crucially important to human foodsystems. According to the FDA, over 90 commercially produced crops require bee pollination; and bee pollination accounts for $15 billion in added crop value. Here are crops that would be most affected if honey bees disappeared.Â
To identify how honey bee colonies are doing in every state, 24/7 Wall St. looked at honey bee winter losses in bee colonies from beeinformed.com. Loss estimates for each state were adjusted in August 2020. The number of beekeepers and colonies in each state also come from Bee Informed. State population figures came from the U.S. Census Bureau’s 2020 American Community Survey and are 5-year estimates. The following states did not have enough data available for bee colonies or winter loss: Alaska, Arizona, Hawaii, Louisiana, Mississippi, Nebraska, Nevada, South Dakota.
Winter is generally the most dangerous time for bees, as they don’t hibernate and need to maintain a stable hive temperature. This is achieved by a number of worker bees eating stored food to fuel the formation of a thermoregulation cluster that generates heat for the hive. Thus, food stockpiles and winter temperatures can greatly impact hive survival.
A number of additional factors also impact hive mortality, including summer weather conditions that affect the bees’ ability to forage and store food, as well as pesticide exposure, the forage quality surrounding the hive, and parasite and pathogen infestations. Varroa mites, which can transmit viruses to bees as they feed on their blood, are the single biggest threat to honey bee health and the main cause of colony collapse disorder.Â
Apiary management of mites and pathogens can greatly affect winter survival rates, as can temperature regulation achieved by wrapping hives with insulative materials. Of the states with the highest hive mortality rates, many are in colder northern areas of the U.S., including Michigan, Connecticut, New Hampshire, and Vermont.
Click here to see states that lost the most bee colonies last winter
Source: Sean Pavone / iStock via Getty Images
42. New Mexico
> Total winter loss, 2020/2021: 21.7%
> Beekeepers: 11 – 3rd lowest
> Colonies: 100 – the lowest
> State population: 2,097,021 – 11th lowest
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Source: JamesBrey / E+ via Getty Images
41. Wisconsin
> Total winter loss, 2020/2021: 22.6%
> Beekeepers: 76 – 15th highest
> Colonies: 3,955 – 14th highest
> State population: 5,806,975 – 19th highest
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Source: DenisTangneyJr / E+ via Getty Images
40. Oklahoma
> Total winter loss, 2020/2021: 22.7% (tie)
> Beekeepers: 29 – 12th lowest
> Colonies: 4,314 – 13th highest
> State population: 3,949,342 – 17th lowest
Source: picmax / iStock via Getty Images
39. Idaho
> Total winter loss, 2020/2021: 22.7%
> Beekeepers: 23 – 9th lowest
> Colonies: 11,129 – 8th highest
> State population: 1,754,367 – 9th lowest
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Source: Michael Warren / iStock via Getty Images
38. Alabama
> Total winter loss, 2020/2021: 27.5%
> Beekeepers: 57 – 17th lowest
> Colonies: 1,218 – 20th lowest
> State population: 4,893,186 – 20th lowest
37. Indiana
> Total winter loss, 2020/2021: 28.2%
> Beekeepers: 65 – 21st highest
> Colonies: 1,491 – 20th highest
> State population: 6,696,893 – 16th highest
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Source: Sean Pavone / iStock via Getty Images
36. Oregon
> Total winter loss, 2020/2021: 29.2%
> Beekeepers: 79 – 14th highest
> Colonies: 20,344 – 5th highest
> State population: 4,176,346 – 18th lowest
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Source: ferrantraite / E+ via Getty Images
35. Virginia
> Total winter loss, 2020/2021: 29.6% (tie)
> Beekeepers: 193 – 2nd highest
> Colonies: 2,615 – 16th highest
> State population: 8,509,358 – 12th highest
Source: DenisTangneyJr / E+ via Getty Images
34. Rhode Island
> Total winter loss, 2020/2021: 29.6% (tie)
> Beekeepers: 12 – 4th lowest
> Colonies: 170 – 3rd lowest
> State population: 1,057,798 – 5th lowest
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Source: ChrisBoswell / iStock via Getty Images
33. New Jersey
> Total winter loss, 2020/2021: 29.9%
> Beekeepers: 62 – 19th lowest
> Colonies: 685 – 13th lowest
> State population: 8,885,418 – 11th highest
Source: JenniferPhotographyImaging / E+ via Getty Images
32. Minnesota
> Total winter loss, 2020/2021: 30.7%
> Beekeepers: 74 – 16th highest
> Colonies: 11,311 – 7th highest
> State population: 5,600,166 – 21st highest
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Source: Kruck20 / iStock via Getty Images
31. North Carolina
> Total winter loss, 2020/2021: 30.8%
> Beekeepers: 104 – 12th highest
> Colonies: 1,483 – 21st highest
> State population: 10,386,227 – 9th highest
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Source: bluejayphoto / iStock via Getty Images
30. California
> Total winter loss, 2020/2021: 31.0%
> Beekeepers: 110 – 10th highest
> Colonies: 169,011 – the highest
> State population: 39,346,023 – the highest
Source: Sean Pavone / iStock via Getty Images
29. Kentucky
> Total winter loss, 2020/2021: 31.4%
> Beekeepers: 69 – 17th highest
> Colonies: 1,039 – 19th lowest
> State population: 4,461,952 – 19th lowest
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Source: thyegn / iStock via Getty Images
28. Washington
> Total winter loss, 2020/2021: 31.8%
> Beekeepers: 81 – 13th highest
> Colonies: 33,288 – 3rd highest
> State population: 7,512,465 – 13th highest
Source: DenisTangneyJr / iStock Unreleased via Getty Images
27. North Dakota
> Total winter loss, 2020/2021: 32.1%
> Beekeepers: 10 – 2nd lowest
> Colonies: 42,480 – 2nd highest
> State population: 760,394 – 3rd lowest
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Source: SeanPavonePhoto / iStock via Getty Images
26. South Carolina
> Total winter loss, 2020/2021: 32.3%
> Beekeepers: 26 – 11th lowest
> Colonies: 538 – 12th lowest
> State population: 5,091,517 – 21st lowest
Source: Sean Pavone / iStock via Getty Images
25. Missouri
> Total winter loss, 2020/2021: 34.3%
> Beekeepers: 66 – 18th highest
> Colonies: 817 – 16th lowest
> State population: 6,124,160 – 17th highest
Source: SeanPavonePhoto / iStock via Getty Images
24. Maine
> Total winter loss, 2020/2021: 36.4%
> Beekeepers: 59 – 18th lowest
> Colonies: 514 – 11th lowest
> State population: 1,340,825 – 7th lowest
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Source: LawrenceSawyer / iStock via Getty Images
23. West Virginia
> Total winter loss, 2020/2021: 36.9%
> Beekeepers: 37 – 14th lowest
> Colonies: 1,324 – 21st lowest
> State population: 1,807,426 – 10th lowest
Source: Art Wager / iStock Unreleased via Getty Images
22. Texas
> Total winter loss, 2020/2021: 37.6%
> Beekeepers: 158 – 5th highest
> Colonies: 31,405 – 4th highest
> State population: 28,635,442 – 2nd highest
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Source: Michael Warren / iStock via Getty Images
21. Florida
> Total winter loss, 2020/2021: 38.0%
> Beekeepers: 166 – 3rd highest
> Colonies: 9,368 – 9th highest
> State population: 21,216,924 – 3rd highest
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Source: Pgiam / iStock via Getty Images
20. Georgia
> Total winter loss, 2020/2021: 38.3%
> Beekeepers: 121 – 9th highest
> Colonies: 3,020 – 15th highest
> State population: 10,516,579 – 8th highest
Source: peeterv / iStock via Getty Images
19. Maryland
> Total winter loss, 2020/2021: 38.8%
> Beekeepers: 154 – 6th highest
> Colonies: 2,039 – 19th highest
> State population: 6,037,624 – 18th highest
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Source: TomasSereda / iStock via Getty Images
18. New York
> Total winter loss, 2020/2021: 39.3%
> Beekeepers: 124 – 8th highest
> Colonies: 2,550 – 17th highest
> State population: 19,514,849 – 4th highest
Source: Jon Bilous / iStock via Getty Images
17. Montana
> Total winter loss, 2020/2021: 40.4%
> Beekeepers: 19 – 7th lowest
> Colonies: 11,723 – 6th highest
> State population: 1,061,705 – 6th lowest
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Source: benedek / iStock via Getty Images
16. Tennessee
> Total winter loss, 2020/2021: 40.6%
> Beekeepers: 66 – 18th highest
> Colonies: 490 – 9th lowest
> State population: 6,772,268 – 15th highest
Source: Sean Pavone / iStock via Getty Images
15. Ohio
> Total winter loss, 2020/2021: 40.7%
> Beekeepers: 108 – 11th highest
> Colonies: 990 – 18th lowest
> State population: 11,675,275 – 7th highest
Source: Sean Pavone / iStock via Getty Images
14. Pennsylvania
> Total winter loss, 2020/2021: 41.3%
> Beekeepers: 570 – the highest
> Colonies: 5,449 – 11th highest
> State population: 12,794,885 – 5th highest
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Source: Sean Pavone / iStock via Getty Images
13. Kansas
> Total winter loss, 2020/2021: 41.6% (tie)
> Beekeepers: 13 – 6th lowest
> Colonies: 306 – 6th lowest
> State population: 2,912,619 – 12th lowest
Source: milehightraveler / iStock via Getty Images
12. Colorado
> Total winter loss, 2020/2021: 41.6% (tie)
> Beekeepers: 66 – 18th highest
> Colonies: 714 – 14th lowest
> State population: 5,684,926 – 20th highest
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Source: Sean Pavone / iStock via Getty Images
11. Arkansas
> Total winter loss, 2020/2021: 43.8%
> Beekeepers: 21 – 8th lowest
> Colonies: 335 – 7th lowest
> State population: 3,011,873 – 13th lowest
Source: DenisTangneyJr / iStock via Getty Images
10. Massachusetts
> Total winter loss, 2020/2021: 44.9%
> Beekeepers: 126 – 7th highest
> Colonies: 2,121 – 18th highest
> State population: 6,873,003 – 14th highest
Source: ChrisBoswell / iStock via Getty Images
9. Delaware
> Total winter loss, 2020/2021: 46.3%
> Beekeepers: 13 – 6th lowest
> Colonies: 958 – 17th lowest
> State population: 967,679 – 4th lowest
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Source: Paola Giannoni / iStock via Getty Images
8. Wyoming
> Total winter loss, 2020/2021: 46.6%
> Beekeepers: 10 – 2nd lowest
> Colonies: 154 – 2nd lowest
> State population: 581,348 – the lowest
Source: David JE Sinn / iStock via Getty Images
7. Illinois
> Total winter loss, 2020/2021: 47.1%
> Beekeepers: 64 – 21st lowest
> Colonies: 803 – 15th lowest
> State population: 12,716,164 – 6th highest
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Source: haveseen / iStock via Getty Images
6. Vermont
> Total winter loss, 2020/2021: 47.9% (tie)
> Beekeepers: 24 – 10th lowest
> Colonies: 263 – 5th lowest
> State population: 624,340 – 2nd lowest
Source: DenisTangneyJr / iStock via Getty Images
5. New Hampshire
> Total winter loss, 2020/2021: 47.9% (tie)
> Beekeepers: 35 – 13th lowest
> Colonies: 204 – 4th lowest
> State population: 1,355,244 – 8th lowest
Source: DenisTangneyJr / iStock via Getty Images
4. Connecticut
> Total winter loss, 2020/2021: 49.8%
> Beekeepers: 51 – 16th lowest
> Colonies: 448 – 8th lowest
> State population: 3,570,549 – 16th lowest
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Source: pawel.gaul / E+ via Getty Images
3. Michigan
> Total winter loss, 2020/2021: 51.2%
> Beekeepers: 160 – 4th highest
> Colonies: 8,978 – 10th highest
> State population: 9,973,907 – 10th highest
Source: DenisTangneyJr / E+ via Getty Images
2. Utah
> Total winter loss, 2020/2021: 51.8%
> Beekeepers: 63 – 20th lowest
> Colonies: 4,821 – 12th highest
> State population: 3,151,239 – 15th lowest
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1. Iowa
> Total winter loss, 2020/2021: 58.5%
> Beekeepers: 44 – 15th lowest
> Colonies: 512 – 10th lowest
> State population: 3,150,011 – 14th lowest
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