Nearly all Americans are pedestrians at some point during the day and must rely on traffic infrastructure and competent drivers to avoid accidents. Of the 33,561 traffic fatalities in 2012, 4,743 were pedestrians, a 9.4% increase from 2010. While some states have improved pedestrian safety, pedestrian traffic fatalities increased in most states.

According to data recently released by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 1.51 pedestrians were killed in traffic accidents for every 100,000 U.S. residents in 2012. Pedestrians in some states are at a considerably higher risk than in others. Delaware led the nation with nearly three pedestrian fatalities for every 100,000 residents. South Dakota had just 0.24 pedestrian deaths per 100,000 people, the lowest rate nationwide.

Pedestrian fatalities increased between 2010 and 2012 in all but three of the 10 most dangerous states. Two of the states where pedestrian fatalities fell, Florida and Arizona, have funded extensive education and infrastructure projects to make daily travel safer for pedestrians. On the other hand, pedestrian fatalities increased by more than 80% in New Mexico, well above the 9.4% increase nationwide over the same two-year period.

A variety of factors can put pedestrians at greater risk, from proper infrastructure, to personal choices both drivers and pedestrians make. Robert Archuleta, director of the Traffic Safety Division of the New Mexico Department of Transportation, explained that engineering decisions such as “creating overpasses, creating safe routes, better roads,” as well as “providing funding for law enforcement to enforce safety laws on seat belts, impaired driving, and speeding” can prevent pedestrian fatalities.

In many cases, states have lower quality infrastructure because of limited resources, according to Archuleta. The lacking infrastructure can increase the likelihood of traffic fatalities. With the exceptions of Delaware and Hawaii, median household incomes in all of the most dangerous states for pedestrians were lower than the national median of $51,371.

However, there is only so much that well-designed infrastructure can accomplish. In an e-mail correspondence, officials at the Texas Department of Transportation said that, “Ultimately, the safety of everyone on or near our roadways is dependent upon personal responsibility and compliance with all traffic laws.” External distractions such as “cell phones and loud music should also be put away or turned down so that the eyes and ears of both pedestrians and drivers remain focused on traffic and traffic signals.”

Archuleta agreed that individual choices are a central driver of traffic incidents, which is why New Mexico and other states allocate funds to educating residents on road safety. “Texting and driving right now is probably the biggest factor that’s impacting fatalities,” Archuleta said. “The proliferation of mobile devices has people on these phones constantly,” which can lower both a pedestrian and a driver’s awareness and reaction time. High alcohol use rates are also a major component in traffic accidents. Like most state transportation departments, New Mexico targets areas associated with high alcohol use because those are the areas where pedestrian deaths are most likely.

A longer commute may also increase the risk of pedestrian fatalities because people are either walking on the road for longer periods of time, or driving in cars for greater portions of the day. Residents in five states with the highest pedestrian fatality rates were among the 10 most likely states to spend between 15 and 30 minutes commuting to work every day. The percentage of residents who spent less than 15 minutes commuting, on the other hand, was relatively low compared to the national rate. Many of these commuters drove to work. Residents of all but one state on this list were more likely to drive to work than the average American.

In many of these states, however, roads are simply less safe, regardless of how far or for how long residents are travelling. Pedestrian fatalities per 100 million miles travelled were higher than average in all but one state on this list.This suggests road safety is dependent upon factors other than the number of cars on the road.

We also reviewed Walk Score’s ratings of large urban areas in a majority of these states. Unsurprisingly, many of the most dangerous states for pedestrians had cities that were also among the worst rated for walkability. Seven of the 10 lowest-rated large cities for walking are in states on our list.

To identify the most dangerous states for pedestrians, 24/7 Wall St. reviewed traffic-related fatality rates from the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. We also reviewed commuting data and poverty figures from the U.S. Census Bureau. Walkability ratings come from Walk Score, which measures pedestrian friendliness on a scale of 0-100 in U.S. cities based on distance to amenities, access to public transit, and other road metrics.

These are the 10 most dangerous states for pedestrians.