The strength of a nation’s military is determined not just by its naval vessels and firepower, but also by the personnel at its disposal. A country requires both men and women to manage the operations of ships, tanks, and various other weaponry. Moreover, nations possessing a substantial population of citizens within the eligible military age range can utilize this demographic advantage to field a capable and powerful armed forces. For example, after Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, both nations escalated their mobilization initiatives. (Check out the countries with the 20 strongest militaries.)
To identify the countries with the most residents reaching military age, 24/7 Wall St. reviewed 2023 data from GlobalFirepower, an annually updated defense-related statistics website with information on 145 countries. We ranked countries by the number of residents coming of age annually in each country. We included active-duty, reserves, and paramilitary forces. From Stockholm International Peace Research Institute’s Military Expenditure Database, we included total military spending by country in 2021 and military spending as a percentage of gross domestic product. 2021 population figures came from the World Bank.
Every country sets its own military eligibility age. Most countries allow men and women to join the armed forces starting at 18, a review by the CIA shows. Yet some nations permit younger people to enter the military. The United Kingdom’s military age ranges from 16 to 36. But anyone younger than 18 needs parental permission. In the U.S., men and women can join at 17 with a parent’s consent. Without parents’ permission, men and women can join at 18. (Here U.S. military pay at every pay grade.)
Not surprising considering India is the second most populated nation and growing (while China’s population is in decline), India has the most citizens reaching military age annually at nearly 24 million. It currently has a force of 1.45 million active-duty members, second out of the 145 countries studied. India’s military age starts at 16-and-a-half years.
Meanwhile, China’s annual cohort coming into military age is nearly 20 million. With 2 million active service members, China fields the largest military on the globe. Chinese citizens can join at age 18 under what is termed a selective compulsory service obligation. Each year the People’s Liberation Army establishes a quota the provinces must meet for sailors and soldiers. If a province fails to provide the required number of volunteers, then the local government can conscript citizens into the military.
Click here to see 11 countries where the most people reach military age each year.
Source: Ed Wray / Stringer / Getty Images News
21. Myanmar
> Residents reaching military age annually: 1,035,476
> Active service: 400,000 – #13 most out of 145
> Military reserves: N/A
> Paramilitary forces: 50,000 — #32 most out of 145
> Population (2021): 53,798,084 – #26 most out of 217
> Military spending (2021): $2.1 billion – #60 most out of 145
> Military spending as pct. of GDP: 3.3% – #17 out of 145
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Source: Paula Bronstein / Getty Images
20. Thailand
> Residents reaching military age annually: 1,114,370
> Active service: 350,000 – #16 most out of 145
> Military reserves: 100,000 – #37 most out of 145
> Paramilitary forces: 6,000 — #84 most out of 145
> Population (2021): 71,601,103 – #20 most out of 217
> Military spending (2021): $6.6 billion – #33 most out of 145
> Military spending as pct. of GDP: 1.3% – #89 out of 145
Source: Koichi Kamoshida / Getty Images
19. Japan
> Residents reaching military age annually: 1,117,933
> Active service: 240,000 – #19 most out of 145
> Military reserves: 55,000 – #45 most out of 145
> Paramilitary forces: 14,000 — #59 most out of 145
> Population (2021): 125,681,593 – #11 most out of 217
> Military spending (2021): $54.1 billion – #9 most out of 145
> Military spending as pct. of GDP: 1.1% – #106 out of 145
Source: Phototreat / iStock via Getty Images
18. Sudan
> Residents reaching military age annually: 1,246,930
> Active service: 100,000 – #44 most out of 145
> Military reserves: 50,000 – #49 most out of 145
> Paramilitary forces: 55,000 — #30 most out of 145
> Population (2021): 45,657,202 – #33 most out of 217
> Military spending (2021): $375.2 million – #98 most out of 145
> Military spending as pct. of GDP: 1.0% – #111 out of 145
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Source: Dmitry Shchukin / iStock Editorial via Getty Images
17. Russia
> Residents reaching military age annually: 1,278,198
> Active service: 830,900 – #5 most out of 145
> Military reserves: 250,000 – #18 most out of 145
> Paramilitary forces: 250,000 — #11 most out of 145
> Population (2021): 143,449,300 – #9 out of 217
> Military spending (2021): $65.9 billion – #5 most out of 145
> Military spending as pct. of GDP: 4.1% – #11 out of 145
Source: BornaMir / iStock via Getty Images
16. Iran
> Residents reaching military age annually: 1,388,133
> Active service: 575,000 – #7 most out of 145
> Military reserves: 350,000 – #15 most out of 145
> Paramilitary forces: 90,000 — #25 most out of 145
> Population (2021): 87,923,432 – #17 most out of 217
> Military spending (2021): $24.6 billion – #14 most out of 145
> Military spending as pct. of GDP: 2.3% – #36 out of 145
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Source: IC / iStock Editorial via Getty Images
15. Turkey
> Residents reaching military age annually: 1,411,811
> Active service: 425,000 – #11 most out of 145
> Military reserves: 200,000 – #26 most out of 145
> Paramilitary forces: 150,000 — #17 most out of 145
> Population (2021): 84,775,400 – #18 out of 217
> Military spending (2021): $15.5 billion – #18 most out of 145
> Military spending as pct. of GDP: 2.1% – #45 out of 145
Source: Courtesy of Egyptian Military Academy via Facebook
14. Egypt
> Residents reaching military age annually: 1,616,558
> Active service: 440,000 – #10 most out of 145
> Military reserves: 480,000 – #11 most out of 145
> Paramilitary forces: 300,000 — #9 most out of 145
> Population (2021): 109,262,178 – #14 most out of 217
> Military spending (2021): $5.2 billion – #43 most out of 145
> Military spending as pct. of GDP: 1.3% – #93 out of 145
Source: Photo by D. Myles Cullen / U.S. Department of Defense
13. Vietnam
> Residents reaching military age annually: 1,764,741
> Active service: 470,000 – #9 most out of 145
> Military reserves: 2,500,000 – #1 most out of 145
> Paramilitary forces: 40,000 — #38 most out of 145
> Population (2021): 97,468,030 – #15 out of 217
> Military spending (2021): N/A
> Military spending as pct. of GDP: N/A
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Source: fazon1 / iStock via Getty Images
12. Philippines
> Residents reaching military age annually: 2,062,750
> Active service: 101,000 – #42 most out of 145
> Military reserves: 100,000 – #36 most out of 145
> Paramilitary forces: 50,000 — #34 most out of 145
> Population (2021): 113,880,328 – #13 most out of 217
> Military spending (2021): $4.1 billion – #48 most out of 145
> Military spending as pct. of GDP: 1.0% – #109 out of 145
11. Mexico
> Residents reaching military age annually: 2,195,567
> Active service: 250,000 – #17 most out of 145
> Military reserves: 65,000 – #41 most out of 145
> Paramilitary forces: 100,000 — #24 most out of 145
> Population (2021): 126,705,138 – #10 most out of 217
> Military spending (2021): $8.7 billion – #28 most out of 145
> Military spending as pct. of GDP: 0.7% – #126 out of 145
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Source: Photocech / Getty Images
10. Democratic Republic of the Congo
> Residents reaching military age annually: 2,384,970
> Active service: 140,000 – #34 most out of 145
> Military reserves: N/A
> Paramilitary forces: 10,000 — #68 most out of 145
> Population (2021): 95,894,120 – #16 out of 217
> Military spending (2021): N/A
> Military spending as pct. of GDP: N/A
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Source: derejeb / iStock via Getty Images
9. Ethiopia
> Residents reaching military age annually: 2,614,102
> Active service: 150,000 – #33 most out of 145
> Military reserves: N/A
> Paramilitary forces: N/A
> Population (2021): 120,283,026 – #12 most out of 217
> Military spending (2021): $487.8 million – #88 most out of 145
> Military spending as pct. of GDP: 0.5% – #134 out of 145
8. Bangladesh
> Residents reaching military age annually: 3,147,359
> Active service: 165,000 – #32 most out of 145
> Military reserves: N/A
> Paramilitary forces: 6,800,000 — #1 most out of 145
> Population (2021): 169,356,251 – #8 most out of 217
> Military spending (2021): $4.9 billion – #45 most out of 145
> Military spending as pct. of GDP: 1.3% – #96 out of 145
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Source: microgen / iStock via Getty Images
7. Brazil
> Residents reaching military age annually: 3,475,841
> Active service: 360,000 – #15 most out of 145
> Military reserves: 1,340,000 – #3 most out of 145
> Paramilitary forces: 400,000 — #7 most out of 145
> Population (2021): 214,326,223 – #6 most out of 217
> Military spending (2021): $19.2 billion – #17 most out of 145
> Military spending as pct. of GDP: 1.2% – #100 out of 145
Source: Jaxons / iStock via Getty Images
6. Nigeria
> Residents reaching military age annually: 4,051,477
> Active service: 135,000 – #36 most out of 145
> Military reserves: N/A
> Paramilitary forces: 80,000 — #26 most out of 145
> Population (2021): 213,401,323 – #7 most out of 217
> Military spending (2021): $4.5 billion – #47 most out of 145
> Military spending as pct. of GDP: 1.0% – #114 out of 145
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Source: Jessica McGowan / Getty Images News via Getty Images
5. United States
> Residents reaching military age annually: 4,385,445
> Active service: 1,390,000 – #3 most out of 145
> Military reserves: 442,000 – #13 most out of 145
> Paramilitary forces: N/A
> Population (2021): 331,893,745 – #3 most out of 217
> Military spending (2021): $800.7 billion – #1 most out of 145
> Military spending as pct. of GDP: 3.5% – #15 out of 145
Source: HomoCosmicos / iStock via Getty Images
4. Pakistan
> Residents reaching military age annually: 4,615,553
> Active service: 654,000 – #6 most out of 145
> Military reserves: 550,000 – #8 most out of 145
> Paramilitary forces: 500,000 — #6 most out of 145
> Population (2021): 231,402,117 – #5 most out of 217
> Military spending (2021): $11.3 billion – #23 most out of 145
> Military spending as pct. of GDP: 3.8% – #13 out of 145
Source: nala_rinaldo / RooM via Getty Images
3. Indonesia
> Residents reaching military age annually: 4,714,596
> Active service: 400,000 – #12 most out of 145
> Military reserves: 400,000 – #14 most out of 145
> Paramilitary forces: 280,000 — #10 most out of 145
> Population (2021): 273,753,191 – #4 most out of 217
> Military spending (2021): $8.3 billion – #29 most out of 145
> Military spending as pct. of GDP: 0.7% – #125 out of 145
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Source: Kevin Frayer / Getty Images
2. China
> Residents reaching military age annually: 19,747,557
> Active service: 2,000,000 – #1 most out of 145
> Military reserves: 510,000 – #9 most out of 145
> Paramilitary forces: 625,000 — #5 most out of 145
> Population (2021): 1,412,360,000 – #1 most out of 217
> Military spending (2021): $293.4 billion – #2 most out of 145
> Military spending as pct. of GDP: 1.7% – #63 out of 145
Source: Instants / iStock via Getty Images
1. India
> Residents reaching military age annually: 23,623,837
> Active service: 1,450,000 – #2 most out of 145
> Military reserves: 1,155,000 – #4 most out of 145
> Paramilitary forces: 2,527,000 — #2 most out of 145
> Population (2021): 1,407,563,842 – #2 most out of 217
> Military spending (2021): $76.6 billion – #3 most out of 145
> Military spending as pct. of GDP: 2.7% – #30 out of 145
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