More than 60 years have passed since President Lyndon Johnson declared war on poverty, and yet, poverty remains endemic in the United States. In any given year over the last three decades, anywhere from 31.6 million to 48.8 million Americans were living below the poverty line. Over that period, the annual U.S. poverty rate climbed as high as 15.9%, and never fell below 11.3%.
The effects of poverty extend far beyond economics. According to the latest Pulse Survey from the U.S. Census Bureau, 38% of American adults earning less than $25,000 reported feeling depressed or hopeless on most days, compared to 17% of all adults. Additionally, 27% of adults in the lowest income bracket reported not having enough to eat within the last week, three times the food insufficiency rate among all adults.
In most of the country, including Michigan, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services sets the poverty line at an annual income of $15,060 for individuals and $31,200 for a family of four. In Michigan, 13.1% of the population live below these thresholds — and in many towns across the state, the poverty rate is far higher.
Using five-year estimates from the Census’ 2022 American Community Survey, 24/7 Wall St. identified the towns in Michigan with the highest poverty rates. We considered all places — including cities, towns, and unincorporated communities — with populations between 5,000 and 50,000. Because the presence of colleges and universities can distort economic realities in a given area, places where 20% or more of the population are enrolled in a post-secondary institution were excluded from analysis.
Among the 35 places on this list, poverty rates range from 18.8% to 44.2%, and in each of these places, the typical household earns less than the statewide median household income of $68,505.
Widespread financial hardship in these areas is partially attributable to a lack of economic opportunity. In most places on this list, the five-year average unemployment rate is higher than the comparable 6.0% jobless rate across Michigan.
Incomes and job security tend to rise with educational attainment. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the typical worker with a bachelor’s degree earns 66% more than those with no more than a high school diploma. Additionally, workers with only a high school education are far more likely to be unemployed than college graduates. In every town on this list, the share of adults with a bachelor’s degree is below the 31.1% statewide bachelor’s degree attainment rate.
Why It Matters
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The United States is, in many ways, the center of gravity of the global economy. The U.S. dollar has been the world’s leading reserve currency since the end of World War II, and American gross domestic product accounts for over a quarter of economic activity worldwide. Despite these advantages, more than one in every 10 Americans have been living below the poverty line for decades. For those facing serious financial hardship, the effects are far reaching. Poverty can negatively impact mental health, social relationships, and life expectancy.
35. Sturgis
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- Poverty rate: 18.8%
- Median household income: $56,337
- 5-yr. avg. unemployment rate: 6.5%
- Adults with a bachelor’s degree or higher: 14.9%
- Population: 11,050
34. Escanaba
Source: ChrisBoswell / iStock via Getty Images
- Poverty rate: 19.0%
- Median household income: $38,457
- 5-yr. avg. unemployment rate: 7.2%
- Adults with a bachelor’s degree or higher: 19.3%
- Population: 12,403
33. Cadillac
- Poverty rate: 19.7%
- Median household income: $45,123
- 5-yr. avg. unemployment rate: 7.0%
- Adults with a bachelor’s degree or higher: 18.6%
- Population: 10,400
32. Lincoln Park
- Poverty rate: 19.8%
- Median household income: $55,777
- 5-yr. avg. unemployment rate: 6.9%
- Adults with a bachelor’s degree or higher: 11.1%
- Population: 39,807
31. Harper Woods
- Poverty rate: 20.0%
- Median household income: $60,030
- 5-yr. avg. unemployment rate: 7.6%
- Adults with a bachelor’s degree or higher: 26.4%
- Population: 15,296
30. Ludington
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- Poverty rate: 20.2%
- Median household income: $49,503
- 5-yr. avg. unemployment rate: 4.1%
- Adults with a bachelor’s degree or higher: 27.2%
- Population: 7,691
29. Sault Ste. Marie
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- Poverty rate: 20.8%
- Median household income: $50,284
- 5-yr. avg. unemployment rate: 7.4%
- Adults with a bachelor’s degree or higher: 25.9%
- Population: 13,409
28. Alpena
- Poverty rate: 20.9%
- Median household income: $43,613
- 5-yr. avg. unemployment rate: 8.8%
- Adults with a bachelor’s degree or higher: 13.5%
- Population: 10,200
27. Hillsdale
Source: Cavan Images / iStock via Getty Images
- Poverty rate: 21.2%
- Median household income: $47,205
- 5-yr. avg. unemployment rate: 3.6%
- Adults with a bachelor’s degree or higher: 23.2%
- Population: 8,005
26. New Haven
Source: Arkyan / Wikimedia Commons
- Poverty rate: 21.6%
- Median household income: $63,424
- 5-yr. avg. unemployment rate: 7.6%
- Adults with a bachelor’s degree or higher: 22.0%
- Population: 6,200
25. Coldwater
Source: Stephanie Valentine-Sanchez / iStock via Getty Images
- Poverty rate: 21.7%
- Median household income: $48,531
- 5-yr. avg. unemployment rate: 3.8%
- Adults with a bachelor’s degree or higher: 12.2%
- Population: 13,704
24. Niles
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- Poverty rate: 21.7%
- Median household income: $42,181
- 5-yr. avg. unemployment rate: 12.0%
- Adults with a bachelor’s degree or higher: 17.0%
- Population: 11,871
23. Alma
Source: This work has been released into the public domain by its author, Chelseyafoster / Wikimedia Commons
- Poverty rate: 21.8%
- Median household income: $44,375
- 5-yr. avg. unemployment rate: 7.1%
- Adults with a bachelor’s degree or higher: 24.7%
- Population: 9,436
22. Port Huron
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- Poverty rate: 22.2%
- Median household income: $47,906
- 5-yr. avg. unemployment rate: 9.3%
- Adults with a bachelor’s degree or higher: 18.5%
- Population: 28,881
21. Bridgeport
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- Poverty rate: 22.5%
- Median household income: $42,719
- 5-yr. avg. unemployment rate: 5.3%
- Adults with a bachelor’s degree or higher: 11.1%
- Population: 6,495
20. Muskegon
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- Poverty rate: 22.9%
- Median household income: $40,900
- 5-yr. avg. unemployment rate: 10.4%
- Adults with a bachelor’s degree or higher: 14.4%
- Population: 38,286
19. Adrian
Source: Dwight Burdette / Wikimedia Commons
- Poverty rate: 23.4%
- Median household income: $40,797
- 5-yr. avg. unemployment rate: 4.8%
- Adults with a bachelor’s degree or higher: 20.3%
- Population: 20,607
18. Lapeer
Source: Public Domain / Wikimedia Commons
- Poverty rate: 24.0%
- Median household income: $50,510
- 5-yr. avg. unemployment rate: 4.3%
- Adults with a bachelor’s degree or higher: 14.3%
- Population: 9,034
17. Jackson
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- Poverty rate: 24.0%
- Median household income: $41,988
- 5-yr. avg. unemployment rate: 10.8%
- Adults with a bachelor’s degree or higher: 15.3%
- Population: 31,420
16. Bay City
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- Poverty rate: 24.8%
- Median household income: $45,026
- 5-yr. avg. unemployment rate: 6.2%
- Adults with a bachelor’s degree or higher: 16.3%
- Population: 32,664
15. Buena Vista
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- Poverty rate: 25.0%
- Median household income: $39,373
- 5-yr. avg. unemployment rate: 13.9%
- Adults with a bachelor’s degree or higher: 7.3%
- Population: 6,013
14. Ecorse
- Poverty rate: 25.0%
- Median household income: $45,473
- 5-yr. avg. unemployment rate: 9.5%
- Adults with a bachelor’s degree or higher: 7.1%
- Population: 9,292
13. Houghton Lake
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- Poverty rate: 26.1%
- Median household income: $44,432
- 5-yr. avg. unemployment rate: 5.1%
- Adults with a bachelor’s degree or higher: 14.3%
- Population: 5,601
12. Springfield
Source: Public Domain / Wikimedia Commons
- Poverty rate: 26.2%
- Median household income: $40,091
- 5-yr. avg. unemployment rate: 11.3%
- Adults with a bachelor’s degree or higher: 5.6%
- Population: 5,268
11. Fair Plain
Source: Arkyan / Wikimedia Commons
- Poverty rate: 26.5%
- Median household income: $50,170
- 5-yr. avg. unemployment rate: 20.5%
- Adults with a bachelor’s degree or higher: 22.6%
- Population: 6,882
10. Beecher
- Poverty rate: 32.5%
- Median household income: $35,618
- 5-yr. avg. unemployment rate: 22.4%
- Adults with a bachelor’s degree or higher: 4.5%
- Population: 9,085
9. Dowagiac
Source: Public Domain / Wikimedia Commons
- Poverty rate: 32.8%
- Median household income: $41,864
- 5-yr. avg. unemployment rate: 11.1%
- Adults with a bachelor’s degree or higher: 15.1%
- Population: 5,680
8. Melvindale
Source: TennesseePhotographer / iStock Editorial via Getty Images
- Poverty rate: 33.2%
- Median household income: $38,918
- 5-yr. avg. unemployment rate: 11.2%
- Adults with a bachelor’s degree or higher: 13.0%
- Population: 12,639
7. Saginaw
- Poverty rate: 34.5%
- Median household income: $35,521
- 5-yr. avg. unemployment rate: 11.7%
- Adults with a bachelor’s degree or higher: 12.8%
- Population: 44,316
6. Inkster
- Poverty rate: 35.1%
- Median household income: $38,381
- 5-yr. avg. unemployment rate: 11.7%
- Adults with a bachelor’s degree or higher: 12.1%
- Population: 25,839
5. Muskegon Heights
Source: rossograph / Wikimedia Commons
- Poverty rate: 36.5%
- Median household income: $35,216
- 5-yr. avg. unemployment rate: 20.5%
- Adults with a bachelor’s degree or higher: 8.9%
- Population: 9,954
4. Highland Park
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- Poverty rate: 37.6%
- Median household income: $30,341
- 5-yr. avg. unemployment rate: 18.2%
- Adults with a bachelor’s degree or higher: 16.2%
- Population: 9,032
3. Hamtramck
- Poverty rate: 37.7%
- Median household income: $39,648
- 5-yr. avg. unemployment rate: 11.7%
- Adults with a bachelor’s degree or higher: 18.1%
- Population: 27,842
2. River Rouge
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- Poverty rate: 43.8%
- Median household income: $26,343
- 5-yr. avg. unemployment rate: 12.9%
- Adults with a bachelor’s degree or higher: 8.1%
- Population: 7,200
1. Benton Harbor
Source: Roberto Galan / iStock Editorial via Getty Images
- Poverty rate: 44.2%
- Median household income: $26,592
- 5-yr. avg. unemployment rate: 20.2%
- Adults with a bachelor’s degree or higher: 8.4%
- Population: 9,101
| Rank | Place | Poverty rate (%) | Median household income ($) | Unemployment rate (%) | Adults with a bachelor’s degree or higher (%) | Total population |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Benton Harbor, Michigan | 44.2 | 26,592 | 20.2 | 8.4 | 9,101 |
| 2 | River Rouge, Michigan | 43.8 | 26,343 | 12.9 | 8.1 | 7,200 |
| 3 | Hamtramck, Michigan | 37.7 | 39,648 | 11.7 | 18.1 | 27,842 |
| 4 | Highland Park, Michigan | 37.6 | 30,341 | 18.2 | 16.2 | 9,032 |
| 5 | Muskegon Heights, Michigan | 36.5 | 35,216 | 20.5 | 8.9 | 9,954 |
| 6 | Inkster, Michigan | 35.1 | 38,381 | 11.7 | 12.1 | 25,839 |
| 7 | Saginaw, Michigan | 34.5 | 35,521 | 11.7 | 12.8 | 44,316 |
| 8 | Melvindale, Michigan | 33.2 | 38,918 | 11.2 | 13.0 | 12,639 |
| 9 | Dowagiac, Michigan | 32.8 | 41,864 | 11.1 | 15.1 | 5,680 |
| 10 | Beecher, Michigan | 32.5 | 35,618 | 22.4 | 4.5 | 9,085 |
| 11 | Fair Plain, Michigan | 26.5 | 50,170 | 20.5 | 22.6 | 6,882 |
| 12 | Springfield, Michigan | 26.2 | 40,091 | 11.3 | 5.6 | 5,268 |
| 13 | Houghton Lake, Michigan | 26.1 | 44,432 | 5.1 | 14.3 | 5,601 |
| 14 | Ecorse, Michigan | 25.0 | 45,473 | 9.5 | 7.1 | 9,292 |
| 15 | Buena Vista, Michigan | 25.0 | 39,373 | 13.9 | 7.3 | 6,013 |
| 16 | Bay City, Michigan | 24.8 | 45,026 | 6.2 | 16.3 | 32,664 |
| 17 | Jackson, Michigan | 24.0 | 41,988 | 10.8 | 15.3 | 31,420 |
| 18 | Lapeer, Michigan | 24.0 | 50,510 | 4.3 | 14.3 | 9,034 |
| 19 | Adrian, Michigan | 23.4 | 40,797 | 4.8 | 20.3 | 20,607 |
| 20 | Muskegon, Michigan | 22.9 | 40,900 | 10.4 | 14.4 | 38,286 |
| 21 | Bridgeport, Michigan | 22.5 | 42,719 | 5.3 | 11.1 | 6,495 |
| 22 | Port Huron, Michigan | 22.2 | 47,906 | 9.3 | 18.5 | 28,881 |
| 23 | Alma, Michigan | 21.8 | 44,375 | 7.1 | 24.7 | 9,436 |
| 24 | Niles, Michigan | 21.7 | 42,181 | 12.0 | 17.0 | 11,871 |
| 25 | Coldwater, Michigan | 21.7 | 48,531 | 3.8 | 12.2 | 13,704 |
| 26 | New Haven, Michigan | 21.6 | 63,424 | 7.6 | 22.0 | 6,200 |
| 27 | Hillsdale, Michigan | 21.2 | 47,205 | 3.6 | 23.2 | 8,005 |
| 28 | Alpena, Michigan | 20.9 | 43,613 | 8.8 | 13.5 | 10,200 |
| 29 | Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan | 20.8 | 50,284 | 7.4 | 25.9 | 13,409 |
| 30 | Ludington, Michigan | 20.2 | 49,503 | 4.1 | 27.2 | 7,691 |
| 31 | Harper Woods, Michigan | 20.0 | 60,030 | 7.6 | 26.4 | 15,296 |
| 32 | Lincoln Park, Michigan | 19.8 | 55,777 | 6.9 | 11.1 | 39,807 |
| 33 | Cadillac, Michigan | 19.7 | 45,123 | 7.0 | 18.6 | 10,400 |
| 34 | Escanaba, Michigan | 19.0 | 38,457 | 7.2 | 19.3 | 12,403 |
| 35 | Sturgis, Michigan | 18.8 | 56,337 | 6.5 | 14.9 | 11,050 |
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